Favourite Baby Youtube Channel

My baby finally reached 23 months, and here are the list of the youtube channel that my baby like:
1) Baby Einstein
Link: https://www.youtube.com/user/BabyEinsteinTV123
         https://www.youtube.com/user/babyeinstein/playlists

2) Little Baby Bum
Link: https://www.youtube.com/user/LittleBabyBum/playlists

3) Patrick n Friends
Link: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE8E9E4337AC7FF47

There are other youtube channel but I wouldn't want my baby to imitate doing somersault at an early age.

Getting Baby Milk Warmer

There are two types of milk for baby:
- Breast Milk
- Formula Milk (e.g. Cow Milk/Soya Milk)

For formula milk, a warmer is not required because we will use warm/hot water to dissolve the formula milk and subsequently feed baby.

However we need to heat up breast milk because we usually store breast milk in the fridge or freezer. We have been informed by lactation consultant that breast milk lasting duration are:
Freezer - 3 months
Fridge - 3 days
Room Temperature - 4 hours

We started off in using the hot water to warm up the baby bottle but it's a too much hassle because:
- The breast milk sometimes end up cold as it's not heat up properly
- The breast milk sometimes end up too hot
- At times, we run out of hot water and have to wait for a while for the hot water

Finally one day went to Jaya Jusco and check out the variety of milk warmer devices, and I have finally decided to get Little Bean brand because:
- Cheaper than other brand as Little Bean Home & Car Bottle Warmer cost RM 90
- Have features which can warm up milk using home electricity or car battery charger

- Have a feature to turn off automatically once the water inside the warmer has reached the desired temperature
- Have a feature to turn on automatically once the water gets cold
- Have a "cap" to prevent water to evaporate out quickly

Decision Making on Baby Diapers

Nowadays there are so many brands and product models on baby diapers. However, there are two main type of diapers which are Cloths Diapers and Disposable Diapers:


Decision between Cloths Diaper vs Disposable Diaper
Let's be realistic, time is precious especially when baby is less than 1 year old as dad & mum need to put more attention in taking care of the baby unless there are people that can helps out on the laundry. I can conclude that cloth diapers is a nightmare to both working parents as the amount of time required is tremendously a lot. For me, I'll go for disposable diapers as both myself and wife are working and we don't have much time to do the cleaning.

Checking out Diaper Company
We can summarize the list of diaper company in Malaysia as per below:

Sterilize Baby Mouth's Equipment

The reason to sterilize baby feeding equipment is to ensure microbes (e.g. bacteria, fungi, virus, spore, etc) are destroyed before passing to baby for feeding or playing. Such equipment are baby bottles, nipples, pacifier, teethers or anything that baby's mouth touches.

And if the baby equipment are not cleaned, then there is a possibly infections that can cause discomfort to the baby as baby immune system is still weak after birth. Example of infection are oral thrush

By 6 months old, baby would have taken most of the vaccination jab. The continuation of sterilizing baby equipment depends on:

- Water condition at home whether it's clean or dirty (Some home have a rocket filter)

- Baby condition whether baby get sick easily

There are few ways on how to sterilize the baby equipment.

1) Hot Water

The old conventional which is to use hot water to kill the microbes. Back many many years ago, the baby bottle are made of glass and it's very safe to use this old convention methods. However nowadays most baby bottles are made of plastic and it's dangerous which can release a chemical call BPA which can disrupt the kid's health system.

2) Hot Water and Salt

This method is similar to method (1) but using salt to clean the bottle nipples.

3) Electric Steam Sterilizer

This method uses steam to sterilize the baby equipment.

4) Microwave

This method uses Microwave to sterilize the baby equipment. Ensure the baby equipment can be microwave

5) Sterilizing Tablets

Dump the sterilizing tablet in a 2 liter water with normal temperatures to create a sterilizing solutions. Put the baby equipment in the sterilizing solutions for 30 minutes and wash the baby equipment using clean waters. Another thing, we could use sterilizing tablet to clean big stuff like baby toys, playmat and etc.

Here are the summary:

No	Method	Cost (RM)	Duration to Sterilize (Minute)	Leach BPA in Plastic
1	Hot Water	Water Cost Electric/Gas Cost Water Pot	10 Minutes	Possible
2	Hot Water and Salt	Water Cost Electric/Gas Cost Water Pot Salt Cost (~RM2)	10 Minutes	Possible
3	Electric Steam Sterilizer	Electric Cost Little Water Cost Electric Steam Sterilizer (RM 100 - 350)	2 - 6 Minutes	No
4	Microwave	Electric CostMicrowave Oven (RM 250 - 450) Microwave Sterilizer Container (RM 70 - 150)	4 - 10 Minutes (Include Cooling Time)	Possible
5	Sterilizing Tablets	Water Cost 1 Box (RM 17 for 56 tablets)	30 Minutes	No

Note:
- For method 5, the example cost is Pureen Sterilising Table. Assuming 1 day uses 1 tablets for 24 hours, therefore it would cost RM 68 (6 Months x 31 Days x 1 Tablets = 186 tablets = 4 Box).
- If parent want to save time and have bigger budget, then best option would be Electric Steam Sterilizer.
- If parent are organized, clean baby equipment after use, then best option would be sterilizing tablet.

Resources:
http://www.parenting.com/article/toxic-baby-bottles

Adapt to Baby Sleep - Part II

This post continue from Baby Sleep Adaptation - Part I.

Moving forward, below is the step by step guide to get newborn baby to adapt to the 24-hour system and sleep better:
1) Exposure to light and darkness

Expose baby to lights when sun rises, and minimize light exposure during nighttime especially close to sleeping time. This allows baby to sync to the 24 hour clock system.

2) Ensure baby are comfortable - Check Diapers

Check diapers before sleep as to ensure diapers are dry or change in regular time. This is to prevent infections that subsequently cause baby to be uncomfortable with skin irritation or pain.

3) Ensure baby are comfortable - Check Room Temperatures and Humidity
Ensure room temperature are around 21 Celsius with humidity. Dry air can cause stuffy nose. High humidity can cause allergy-type molds. An air-con/heater and humidifier can helps maintain a consistent nice temperature and humidity in the sleeping room.

4) Ensure baby are comfortable - Check Nose Block
Check whether there are runny nose or baby mouth is mouth to breath. If yes, use nasal aspirator to clean the baby nose as to clear the nasal passage way. An air-filter would be great to minimize dust around the room as to ensure a consistent minimal dust in the sleeping room.

5) Ensure baby are comfortable - Check Baby Temperature
Do check baby body temperature as to ensure baby body are doing good before sleep.

6) Ensure baby are comfortable - Check Sleepwear
Check whether there are small rashes around baby skin or baby cries when wearing the sleepwear. This could be due to the detergent, fabric softener, newly bought cloths or polyester cloths.
If suspect detergent and fabric softeners, then get a mild type that is meant for baby cloths.
If suspect newly bought cloths, then wash a few times.
If suspect polyester cloths, then get 100% cotton sleepwear.

7) Ensure baby are comfortable - Feed Baby Before Sleep
A hungry baby is an angry baby. So it's best to feed baby before sleep.
Note:
- Breast milk that are expressed at night contains nucleotides (5'AMP, 5'GMP, 5'UMP) that are linked to sleepiness. Therefore it's best to feed baby with breast milk that are expressed during night time.

8) Avoid stimulation before bedtime

It's recommended to make the last 2-3 hours before bedtime as quiet and calm. And avoid any physical exercise or other forms of excitement that can keep baby alert. Baby may tend to cry in the middle of the night if there are too much stimulation especially approaching bed time.

Below video is an example of stimulation to the baby:

9) Massage Baby

Give baby a nice massage as to relax the muscle and preferably massage baby after bath.

Or do a colic massage:

10) Sleep Aid

Use sleeping aid when baby is about to go to sleep. An example of sleeping aid are pacifier, soft toys and blanket.

Warning: Avoid many soft toys and blanket as to prevent SIDS

11) Be Consistent on Sleep Routine
The reason to be consistent on the sleep routine is to indirectly guide newborn baby to sleep on consistent timing. This would be a win-win situation for both parents and baby sleep requirement. It won't be perfect in the initial plan sleep routine, but we can fine-tune the sleep routine from time to time. Below is an example guide and be flexible to fine-tune the sleep routine:

Resources:

http://www.neuroacoustic.com/methods.html

http://www.parentingscience.com/baby-sleep-chart.html
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17908-evening-breast-milk-means-a-good-sleep.html
http://www.birth.com.au/Newborn-fevers/What-is-a-normal-temperature

Adapt to Baby Sleep - Part I

Infant has accustomed to mother's physiological body during pregnancy period. Below are the key element that affect baby sleep pattern during pregnancy:
1) Noise in Amniotic Fluid inside Mummy's Tummy

The sense of hearing is more acute since sound travels through water more efficiently than air. While inside mother's tummy, the infant can hear mother's heart beat and various noises. This is the reason some parent uses white noises to get baby to sleep better.

2) Tight Space in Mummy's Tummy during Third Trimester

During last trimester, the fetus movement is restricted in a limited space in mother's tummy. This is one of the reason that some babies like swaddling.

3) Movement in Mummy's Tummy

Fetus has been living in amniotic fluid for so long to the extend got used to the movement inside mummy's tummy. This is the reason some parent uses swinging method to get baby to sleep better.

Once baby comes out to the world, the jet lag start to kicks in as newborn baby does not know when is the proper time to sleep. However, we do know the number of hours that baby requires. Below sleep chart is based on true evidence conducted in Switzerland on 493 babies in year 2003. We can use the sleep chart as a baseline as every baby are slightly different due to his/her sleep requirement.

Here are tips to simulate newborn baby environment as if baby is still inside mummy's tummy:
1) Turn on White Noise
This usually works from birth till 3 months old. Example of white noise are shhh sound, water flow sound, vacuum cleaner sound, hair dryer sound, microwave sound and etc...
http://incomingincomingbaby.blogspot.com/2012/09/getting-baby-to-sleep.html

2) Swaddle Baby
This usually works from birth till 4 months old, but avoid swaddle baby if baby can rollover as to prevent SIDS.
http://incomingincomingbaby.blogspot.com/2012/11/swaddling-newborn-baby.html

3) Rocking/Swinging Baby to Sleep
In southeast asia, using baby hammock is a common sleeping equipment. However the risk is that baby will get used to the swinging to the extend that baby can only sleep with baby hammock.
Warning:
- Make sure to get a good quality hammock as to avoid metal break or broken spring. And get the fabric which allow air to flow through so that baby can breath when baby turn around.
- There are cases which hammock cause problem to the baby. Therefore it's best to watch baby periodically as to anticipate the problem. Example of the problem: broken metal, swing too fast, electrical issue, baby knock to the side (awake baby), etc

Please click here for part II.

Resources:

http://www.neuroacoustic.com/methods.html

http://www.parentingscience.com/baby-sleep-chart.html
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17908-evening-breast-milk-means-a-good-sleep.html
http://www.birth.com.au/Newborn-fevers/What-is-a-normal-temperature

Baby Walker Decision Making

My first thought is that baby walker device is meant to assist baby to walk earlier. After reading wikipedia and understand baby journey to walking, then my perception has changed.

The baby walker may delay baby's walking ability by 2-3 weeks. As per below video comparison, we can see that baby will use leg, hand and balance skills to walk independently. With baby walker, the baby can walk in dependent mode.

Below is the video on how baby gets up and start walking

Below is the video on baby using baby walker device

Resources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_walker
http://incomingincomingbaby.blogspot.com/2012/11/babys-milestone-journey-to-walking.html

Newborn Baby Reflexes - Part II

Here is the continue information on the newborn baby reflexes from previous post:

Babinski and Plantar Reflex
Babinski reflex (toe curl up) begins from birth till less than 1 year old. While the brain is developing, the baby's reflex will goes to Plantar reflex (toe curl down).
Here is the video on Babinski Reflex

Here is the video on Plantar Reflex

Galant Reflex
Galant reflex begins from birth till 4-6 months old. Infant will swing towards the side that was stroked when the skin along the sides of an infant's back is stroked.

Swimming Reflex
Swimming reflex begins from birth till 4-6 months. Infant will paddle and kick in swimming motion when face down in a pool of water. Swimming lesson is recommended after 3 months old.
Warning: Baby will swallow large amount of water that can cause water intoxication.

Babkin Reflex
Babkin reflex occurs in infant baby. When apply pressure to infant's both palms, there are few possible action may occur:
- Head flexion
- Head rotation
- Opening of the mouth
- Combinations of the 3 possibility

Snout Reflex
Snout reflex is present since birth till 1 year old. Snout reflex is a pouting or pursing of the lips when there is a light tapping of the closed lips.

Glabellar Reflex
Glabellar reflex or called tap reflex is an action that repetitive tapping on the infant's forehead and infant's eye blink in response.

Parachute Reflex
Parachute reflex occurs at later months after birth and we can see the comparison in the video between a newborn baby and baby whom has aged about 1 years old. Parachute reflex is meant to stretch the arms as to protect from falling.
Warning: Ensure baby are held properly as to avoid unintentional fall.

Resources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startle_reaction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_reflexes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snout_reflex
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glabellar_reflex

Newborn Baby Reflexes - Part I

This is going to be very interesting as to understand new born baby reflexes. Enjoy !!!
Be gentle when attempting with newborn baby.

Moro / Startle Reflex
Moro reflex begins from birth till around 3-4 months old. It usually occur with this conditions:
- Infant's head suddenly shifts position (Warning: Ensure baby are held properly as to avoid unintentional fall)
- Change of temperature
- Sudden stimuli
- Startled by sudden noise

Walking/Stepping Reflex
Walking/stepping reflex starts from birth till 6 weeks old, and reappears as voluntary behaviour at around 8-12 months old. Newborn baby will attempt to walk by placing one foot in front of another when the soles of both feet touch a flat surface.
Warning: Ensure baby are held properly as to avoid unintentional fall

Rooting Reflex
Rooting reflex starts from birth till around 4 months old and gradually becomes voluntary control. Newborn baby will turn his head towards anything that stroke his/her cheeck or mouth

Sucking reflex
Sucking reflex is linked to rooting reflex and breastfeeding that causes the baby to instinctively suck at anything that touches the roof of their mouth and suddenly starts to suck simulating the way babies naturally eat.

Tonic Neck Reflex
The tonic neck reflex (called asymmetric tonic neck reflex / 'fencing posture') starts from 1 month old till 4 months old. When the child's head is turned to the left side, the left arm will straighten and right arm will bend. This is vice-versa when child's head is turned to the right side.
Warning: Be gentle when turning baby's head

Palmar Grasp Reflex
Palmar grasp reflex starts from birth till 5-6 months old. Palmar grasp happen when an object is placed in infant's hand and strokes his/her palm and subsequently baby's finger will close and grasp the object. The reverse motion can be induced by stroking the back or side of baby's hand.

Click here to view Part II.

Resources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startle_reaction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_reflexes

How to Clean Baby Nose

Babies are unable to blow their noses and the tiny nasal passages can cause uncomfortable situation when there is a congestion. To allow baby to breath through the nose comfortably while drinking milk, it's best to flush baby's nasal passages and suck out the congestion in the baby's nose.

Here is a good video on how to clean baby's nose using nasal aspirator:

Resources:
http://www.livestrong.com/article/199842-how-to-aspirate-a-babys-nose

Getting Breast Milk Pump

This post is about the analysis and evaluation in getting a breast pump products. There are tons of breast pump products and my wife and myself are quite puzzling on what breast pump product to decide. There are cheap and expensive and it's very hard to part a hard-earned money to something which we've no clue how it works. Enjoy the reading...

Hand vs Manual Pump vs Electric Pump
First of all, there are 3 mechanism to extract the breast milk which are as per below:

Using hand method would take a very long time and tiring to express the breast milk.
Using manual pump method would take some time, and tiring too to express the breast milk.
However using electric pump method would take shorter time without much efforts.
Finally we decided to go for electric pump device.

What Brand?
The next puzzling thing in our head is to go for which brand. Upon asking lactation consultant, we've been informed that Avent and Medela brand are good. So I went to Philips showroom and ask to get a whole list of Avent products and breast pump is in the list. I was informed that Philips representative would email me about the good price as I could get corporate discount. 1 week passed, 2 week passed and still no news. So finally decided to look for other brands like Medela. We come across that many baby shops sells Medela product but kind of doubt on the warranty and Medela product is not cheap. As warranty is an important factor in our decision, therefore we drill down to Medela distributor and found out that lacta-equip is the only distributor in Malaysia. And lacta-equip provide a 1 year warranty.
Medela distributor for Malaysia link:
http://www.medela.com/IW/en/breastfeeding/about-medela/distributors.html?country=Malaysia
Lacta-Equip Website
http://www.lacta-equip.com/
Warning: If purchased Medela product from other source (e.g. ebay) which lacta-equip does not recognize, then be prepare to fork out more $$$ for repair as lacta-equip company is the only service centre for Medela products in Malaysia.

Which Model to Choose?
Finally we have decided to go for Medela brand, and the next question is which model. Medela have 3 types of electric breast pump:

Swing is a single electric breast pump that cost RM 799.
Pump In Style Advanced (PISA) can be a single or dual electric breast pump that cost RM 1,788.
Freestyle is similar to PISA but it's mobile that cost RM 2,299.

We decided to get dual electric breast pump as this provides a better mechanism for breast milk expression. However the cost is a bomb to the family budget.

Decision Time
Finally we decided to get Pump In Style Advanced at lacta-equip because:
1) Based on Amazon.com product review, we come to the conclusion that PISA is better than Freestyle because the suction power in Freestyle is weaker than PISA.
2) Lacta-equip company have promotion in selling PISA at RM 1,399
Do call up lacta-equip whether they have promotion as it's much cheaper and with warranty.

Also, do get Hands Free Breast Pump Bra that can free up the hands for multi-task purpose. The product that we got is from Simple Wishes that cost RM 132.

Try First Before Buy
Recently a friend share his experience in which a shop allows the mum to try different types of breast pump product before buying, and this is a good idea and friendly way to allow mum to experience different type of breast pump before parting hard-earned money. The shop is located at Klang and here are the website:
http://www.enjoybreastfeed.com/aboutus.php

What is all these BPA stuff in baby bottles

BPA represent Bisphenol A and was initially used as an artificial estrogen. The purpose of BPA are:
1) Enhance the growth of cattle and poultry.
2) Used as an estrogen replacement for women. BPA was only briefly used as an estrogen replacement and was replaced by diethylstilbestrol (DES)
3) Used to harden polycarbonate plastics and make epoxy resin, and in the lining of food and beverage containers.

With more research, the BPA chemicals are link to many health problem and can be refer to more information at Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A

Back to baby products, here are the do and don't
1) Get glass, metal or ceramic baby bottle
2) Get BPA free plastic baby bottle, however avoid a high heat up on the plastic as we're not sure on other chemicals may present in the plastics
3) Avoid heat up the plastic in boiling water or microwave to as avoid leeching chemicals into the food/drink

Here are a quick video explanation on BPA heath problem prevention:

Flat Head Syndrome

Flat head syndrome is a situation which the baby's head are flat in one position. There are many reason that cause flat head syndrome such as:

1) Sleeping Position (Highest probability to cause flat head syndrome)

When baby sleep in one position for too long, the head tends to be flat.

Left Side: Baby experiencing flat head at the back
Right side: Baby's head cranium is in normal position

2) Factors in the womb

3) Giving birth prematurely

4) Muscle problems

5) Craniosynostosis

Below are the medical terms of the flat head syndrome:

The key solution is to encourage baby to change sleeping position as to allow a proper growth on the baby's head.

Below is a good video on flat head syndrome:

Resources:
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Plagiocephaly/Pages/Introduction.aspx
http://www.londonorthotics.co.uk/plagiocephaly/deformational.html

Baby's Milestone Journey to Walking

It's nice to know baby's first journey to his/her walking and enjoy...

Baby's first holds head up (2-6 weeks)
Place baby's tummy on the floor to encourage lifting of the head and help to develop a strong neck and back muscle to roll and crawl later. After a while, baby can hold his/her heads for longer periods.

Baby's first rolls over (4-8 months)
Rolling over is from tummy to back and vice-versa.
Here are the video from tummy to back:

Here are the video from back to tummy:

Warning: Always observe baby when he/she can roll over to his/her tummy as to avoid SIDS when he/she put her face on the floor and subsequently sleep.

Baby's first sit up unsupported (5-9 months)
Then the next milestone is to encourage baby to sit up unsupported. Place pillow around baby as to avoid any minor injury when baby falls to the side when baby gets tired.

Baby's first crawl (6-10 months)
Crawling requires baby to be able to hold his/her heads and soon use the hand and leg to propel him/her forward. Place a cute/colourful in front of baby to encourage crawling.

Warning: Always observe baby when he/she can start to crawl as to avoid SIDS when he/she put her face on the floor and subsequently sleep.

Baby's first walk (11-18 months)
Finally, the baby starts to progress to walking stage...

Here is a very good video in explaining the journey to walking
Part I

Part II

Resources:
http://www.ohbaby.co.nz/baby/growth-and-development/milestones/

Infant Colic Situation

Colic Definition as per www.thefreedictionary.com:
- Severe abdominal pain caused by spasm, obstruction, or distention of any of the hollow viscera, such as the intestines.
- A condition of unknown cause seen in infants less than three months old, marked by periods of inconsolable crying lasting for hours at a time for at least three weeks.

Here are the real life of a baby having a colic:

Here are some suggestion to help on colics situation
1) Feeding - Mum diet can affect breast milk
Mummy whom breastfeed the baby should avoid food like cow's milk, caffeine, chocolate and gas-producing foods such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, onions, peppers, melons, tomatoes, citrus fruits, beans and peanuts.

2) Feeding - Using baby bottle
When buying baby bottle, look for anti-colic sign. The price for anti-colic baby bottle is much more compare to a normal baby bottle, but less cry is priceless. The reason to get anti-colic baby bottle is to minimize the air-intake while baby gulping the milk from the baby bottle.

3) Feeding - Burp baby after feeding
Do burp the baby after breast feeding as to release the gas that are trapped during feeding. Feel free to check out the baby burping method: http://incomingincomingbaby.blogspot.com/2012/10/baby-burping.html

4) Feeding - Formula milk powder
Change milk powder brand if baby are uncomfortable.

5) Feeding - Allergy to cow milk (lactose intolerance)
After trying so many types of formula milk powder and suspect the problem is due to allergy to cow's milk, then change to soy base milk powder or breast milk only.

6) Feeding - Use gripe water
Gripe water is a home remedy use to help on baby digestive system. So far the most popular are Colic Calm. The reason is because Colic Calm does not use Sodium Bicarbonate, Essential Oils and extracts to it's ingredient. Fast forward the below video to 2:20 to see the result:

7) Feeding - Use probiotics
Some studies suggest treating the crying with daily doses of probiotics, or "good bacteria" (such as Lactobacillus acidophilus or Lactobacillus reuteri) which can reduce crying times. Use this with care and seek doctor/pharmaceutical advice.

8) Baby massage to remove the gas
A simple massage to remove the gas inside the baby stomach

9) Apply Herbal Medicated Baby Oil on Baby's Tummy
This is a traditionally methods to relief winds and bloated problem in babies. Put a few drops, rub against your hand to heat it up and rub the baby's tummy in a circular motion to apply the herbal medicated baby oil.
a) Yu Yee Oil
Can get this baby oil at any Malaysia local store. For international reader, you can refer to http://www.myhealths.com/Children.htm

b) Amway Tropical Herbs Baby Oil
http://www.amway2u.com/mall_proddet.jsp?prrfnbr=6345

c) TYT Herbal Medicated Oil
http://tyt.com.my/products/tyt-herbal-medicated-oil/

Resources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_colic
http://www.babiesonline.com/articles/colic/naturalcolicremedies.asp
http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/news/20100816/probiotics-may-reduce-crying-from-colic

Vaccination Meaning

Below are the list of vaccination summary:
Chickenpox / Varicella (Can be prevented by varicella vaccine)

Caused By	Varicella zoster virus
Spread By	Air, direct contact
Symptom	Rash, tiredness, headache, fever
Complications	Infected blisters, bleeding disorders, encephalitis (brain swelling), pneumonia (infection in the lungs)
Vaccine Doses	Children who have never had chickenpox should get 2 doses of chickenpox vaccine at these ages: 1st Dose: 12-15 months of age 2nd Dose: 4-6 years of age (may be given earlier, if at least 3 months after the 1st dose) Children age above 13 years (who have never had chickenpox or received chickenpox vaccine) should get two doses at least 28 days apart.
Resources	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-varicella.pdf

Diphtheria (Can be prevented by Tdap vaccine)

Caused By	Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria
Spread By	Air, direct contact
Symptom	Sore throat, mild fever, weakness, swollen glands in neck
Complications	Swelling of the heart muscle, heart failure, coma, paralysis, death
Vaccine Doses	1st Dose: 2 months 2nd Dose: 4 months 3rd Dose: 6 months 4th Dose: 15-18 months 5th Dose: 4-6 years
Resources	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-dtap.pdf

Hib (Can be prevented by Hib vaccine)

Caused By	Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria
Spread By	Air, direct contact
Symptom	May be no symptoms unless bacteria enter the blood
Complications	Meningitis (infection of the covering around the brain and spinal cord), mental retardation, epiglottis (lifethreatening infection that can block the windpipe and lead to serious breathing problems) and pneumonia (infection in the lungs), death
Vaccine Doses	2 months of age 4 months of age 6 months of age 12-15 months of age
Resources	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae_type_b http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hib.pdf

Hepatitis A (Can be prevented by HepA vaccine)

Caused By	Hepatitis A virus
Spread By	Personal contact, contaminated food or water
Symptom	May be no symptoms, fever, stomach pain, loss of appetite, fatigue, vomiting, jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes), dark urine
Complications	Liver failure
Vaccine Doses	Children between their first and second birthdays (12 through 23 months of age)
Resources	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hep-a.pdf

Hepatitis B (Can be prevented by HepB vaccine)

Caused By	Hepatitis B virus
Spread By	Contact with blood or body fluids
Symptom	May be no symptoms, fever, headache, weakness, vomiting, jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes), joint pain
Complications	Chronic liver infection, liver failure, liver cancer
Vaccine Doses	1st Dose: Birth 2nd Dose: 1-2 months of age 3rd Dose: 6-18 months of age
Resources	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hep-b.pdf

Human Papillomavirus (Can be prevented by HPV vaccine)

Caused By	Human papillomavirus
Spread By	Sexual contact, hand contact
Symptom	Skin warts, genital warts
Complications	Cervical cancer in women
Vaccine Doses	1st Dose: 11-12 years 2nd Dose: 1 to 2 months after Dose 1 3rd Dose: 6 months after Dose 1
Resources	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hpv-gardasil.pdf

Influenza (Can be prevented by annual flu vaccine)

Caused By	Influenza virus
Spread By	Air, direct contact
Symptom	Fever, muscle pain, sore throat, cough, extreme fatigue
Complications	Pneumonia (infection in the lungs)
Vaccine Doses	Children above 6 months of age should get flu vaccine
Resources	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-flu.pdf

Measles (Can be prevented by MMR vaccine)

Caused By	Morbilliviruses
Spread By	Air, direct contact
Symptom	Rash, fever, cough, runny nose, pinkeye
Complications	Encephalitis (brain swelling), pneumonia (infection in the lungs), death
Vaccine Doses	1st Dose: 12-15 months of age 2nd Dose: 4-6 years of age (may be given earlier, if at least 28 days after the 1st dose)
Resources	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-mmr.pdf

Meningococcal Disease (Can be prevented by MCV vaccine)

Caused By	Neisseria meningitidis bacteria
Spread By	Air, direct contact
Symptom	Nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, confusion and sleepiness
Complications	Death
Vaccine Doses	1st Dose: 11 - 12 years Booster Dose: 16 years
URL	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-mening.pdf

Mumps (Can be prevented by MMR vaccine)

Caused By	Mumps virus
Spread By	Air, direct contact
Symptom	Swollen salivary glands (under the jaw), fever, headache, tiredness, muscle pain
Complications	Meningitis (infection of the covering around the brain and spinal cord) , encephalitis (brain swelling), inflammation of testicles or ovaries, deafness
Vaccine Doses	1st Dose: 12-15 months of age 2nd Dose: 4-6 years of age (may be given earlier, if at least 28 days after the 1st dose)
URL	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-mmrv.pdf

Pertussis (Whooping Cough) (Can be prevented by Tdap vaccine)

Caused By	Bordetella pertussis bacteria
Spread By	Air, direct contact
Symptom	Severe cough, runny nose, apnea (a pause in breathing in infants)
Complications	Pneumonia (infection in the lungs), death
Vaccine Doses	1st Dose: 2 months 2nd Dose: 4 months 3rd Dose: 6 months 4th Dose: 15-18 months 5th Dose: 4-6 years
URL	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertussis http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-dtap.pdf

Pneumococcal Disease (Can be prevented by Pneumococcal vaccine)

Caused By	Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria
Spread By	Air, direct contact
Symptom	May be no symptoms, pneumonia (infection in the lungs)
Complications	Bacteremia (blood infection), meningitis (infection of the covering around the brain and spinal cord), death
Vaccine Doses	1st Dose: 2 months 2nd Dose: 6 months 3rd Dose: 4 months 4th Dose: 12-15 months
URL	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-pcv7.pdf

Polio (Can be prevented by IPV vaccine)

Caused By	Poliovirus
Spread By	Personal contact, contaminated food or water
Symptom	May be no symptoms, sore throat, fever, nausea, headache
Complications	Paralysis, death
Vaccine Doses	1st Dose: 2 months 2nd Dose: 4 months 3rd Dose: 6-18 months 1st Booster Dose: 4-6 years
URL	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-ipv.pdf

Rotavirus (Can be prevented by Rotavirus vaccine)

Caused By	Rotavirus
Spread By	Personal contact, contaminated food or water
Symptom	Vomiting, watery diarrhoea, and low-grade fever
Complications	Severe dehydration can become a life-threatening condition
Vaccine Doses	First Dose: 2 months of age Second Dose: 4 months of age Third Dose: 6 months of age (if needed)
Resources	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-rotavirus.pdf

Rubella (German Measles) (Can be prevented by MMR vaccine)

Caused By	Rubella virus
Spread By	Air, direct contact
Symptom	Children infected with rubella virus sometimes have a rash, fever, and swollen lymph nodes
Complications	Very serious in pregnant women—can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, and birth defects
Vaccine Doses	1st Dose: 12-15 months of age 2nd Dose: 4-6 years of age (may be given earlier, if at least 28 days after the 1st dose)
Resources	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-mmrv.pdf

Tetanus (Lockjaw) (Can be prevented by Tdap vaccine)

Caused By	Clostridium tetani bacteria
Spread By	Exposure through cuts in skin
Symptom	Stiffness in neck and abdominal muscles, difficulty swallowing, muscle spasms, fever
Complications	Broken bones, breathing difficulty, death
Vaccine Doses	1st Dose: 2 months 2nd Dose: 4 months 3rd Dose: 6 months 4th Dose: 15-18 months 5th Dose: 4-6 years
Resources	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-dtap.pdf

Note

• In layman terms, DTaP, DTPa, TDaP, Tdap, and dTap are the same. DTap and Tdap are both combined vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. The difference is in the dosage, with the upper case letters meaning higher quantity.
• DTaP is a combination vaccine that protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
• MMR is a combination vaccine that protects against measles, mumps, and rubella.
• Please consult with your doctor for expert advice before going for vaccination

Resources:
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/